Thursday, March 2, 2023

Sostituzione della batteria

ostituzione della batteria [ modifica ]

Invece di ricaricare i veicoli elettrici dalle prese elettriche, le batterie potrebbero essere sostituite meccanicamente in apposite stazioni in pochi minuti ( cambio batteria ).

Le batterie con una maggiore densità di energia come le celle a combustibile metallo-aria non possono sempre essere ricaricate in modo puramente elettrico, quindi è possibile utilizzare una qualche forma di ricarica meccanica. Una batteria zinco-aria , tecnicamente una cella a combustibile , è difficile da ricaricare elettricamente, quindi può essere "rifornita" sostituendo periodicamente l'anodo o l'elettrolita. [79]

Ricarica dinamica [ modifica ]

Tecnologie di ricarica dinamica testate in Svezia [80] [81] [82]
Tipo
(e sviluppatore)
Potenza per
ricevitore
(e potere
in attesa di ulteriore
sviluppo)
Milioni di corone svedesi
per km strada
entrambi i modi
Riferimenti
Potenza dall'alto
linee
 ( Siemens )
650kW
(1000 kW)
12.4[80] : 140–144 
[81] : 23–24, 54 
Alimentazione a terra
attraverso la ferrovia su strada
( Consorzio Elways e NCC )
200kW
(800 kW)
9.4-10.5[80] : 146-149 
[81] : 21–23, 54 
Alimentazione a terra
tramite rotaia su strada
( consorzio Elonroad e ABB )
150kW
(500 kW)
11.5-15.3[81] : 25–26, 54 
Trasferimento di potenza senza fili
attraverso la strada
bobine induttive ( Electreon )
25kW
(40 kW)
19.5-20.8[80] : 171–172 
[81] : 26–28, 54 

TRL (precedentemente Transport Research Laboratory) elenca tre tipi di erogazione di potenza per la ricarica dinamica o la ricarica mentre il veicolo è in movimento: linee elettriche aeree e alimentazione a terra tramite rotaia o induzione . TRL elenca la potenza aerea come la soluzione tecnologicamente più matura che fornisce i massimi livelli di potenza, ma la tecnologia non è adatta per veicoli non commerciali. L'alimentazione a livello del suolo è adatta a tutti i veicoli, mentre la rotaia è una soluzione matura con un elevato trasferimento di potenza ed elementi facilmente accessibili e ispezionabili. La ricarica induttiva fornisce la minima potenza e richiede più attrezzature lungo la strada rispetto alle alternative. [80] : Appendice D 

La Commissione Europea ha pubblicato nel 2021 una richiesta di regolamentazione e standardizzazione dei sistemi stradali elettrici. [83] Poco dopo, un gruppo di lavoro del Ministero dell'Ecologia francese ha raccomandato l'adozione di uno standard stradale elettrico europeo formulato con Svezia, Germania, Italia, Paesi Bassi, Spagna, Polonia e altri. [84] Il primo standard per le apparecchiature elettriche a bordo di un veicolo alimentato da un sistema stradale elettrico su rotaia (ERS), CENELEC Technical Standard 50717, è stato approvato alla fine del 2022. [85]I seguenti standard, che comprendono la "piena interoperabilità" e una "soluzione unificata e interoperabile" per l'alimentazione elettrica a livello del suolo, dovrebbero essere pubblicati entro la fine del 2024, specificando in dettaglio "specifiche complete per la comunica

--
You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "1top-oldtattoo-2" group.
To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email to 1top-oldtattoo-2+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com.
To view this discussion on the web visit https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/1top-oldtattoo-2/CAMm_%2ByaDmQMhWchJSJhiwTXXiujE0h4psCuV4C230Cpv7g1VQQ%40mail.gmail.com.

Capacità della rete

Efficienza [ modifica ]

I veicoli elettrici convertono oltre il 59-62% dell'energia della rete nelle ruote. I veicoli a benzina convenzionali convertono circa il 17-21%. [77]

Ricarica [ modifica ]

Capacità della rete [ modifica ]

Se quasi tutti i veicoli stradali fossero elettrici, la domanda globale di elettricità aumenterebbe fino al 25% entro il 2050 rispetto al 2020. [78] Tuttavia, il consumo energetico complessivo e le emissioni diminuirebbero a causa della maggiore efficienza dei veicoli elettrici durante l'intero ciclo, e la riduzione dell'energia necessaria per raffinare i combustibili fossili.

Stazioni di ricarica [ modifica ]

Stazioni di ricarica per veicoli elettrici:

Una stazione di ricarica , nota anche come punto di ricarica o attrezzatura per la fornitura di veicoli elettrici (EVSE), è un'apparecchiatura che fornisce energia elettrica per la ricarica di veicoli elettrici plug-in (comprese auto elettriche , camion elettrici , autobus elettrici , veicoli elettrici di quartiere , e ibridi plug-in ).

Esistono due tipi principali: stazioni di ricarica CA e stazioni di ricarica CC. Le batterie possono essere caricate solo con energia elettrica a corrente continua (CC), mentre la maggior parte dell'elettricità viene fornita dalla rete elettrica come corrente alternata(AC). Per questo motivo, la maggior parte dei veicoli elettrici dispone di un convertitore CA-CC integrato, comunemente noto come "caricatore di bordo". In una stazione di ricarica CA, l'alimentazione CA dalla rete viene fornita a questo caricatore di bordo, che produce energia CC per caricare la batteria. I caricabatterie CC facilitano la ricarica di maggiore potenza (che richiede convertitori CA-CC molto più grandi) integrando il convertitore nella stazione di ricarica anziché nel veicolo per evitare limitazioni di dimensioni e peso. La stazione fornisce quindi alimentazione CC direttamente al veicolo, bypassando il convertitore di bordo. La maggior parte dei modelli di auto completamente elettriche può accettare sia l'alimentazione CA che CC.

Le stazioni di ricarica forniscono connettori conformi a una varietà di standard internazionali. Le stazioni di ricarica CC sono comunemente dotate di più connettori per poter caricare un'ampia varietà di veicoli che utilizzano standard concorrenti.

Le stazioni di ricarica pubbliche si trovano in genere lungo la strada o presso centri commerciali al dettaglio, strutture governative e altre aree di parcheggio. Le stazioni di ricarica private si trovano in genere nelle residenze, nei luoghi di

--
You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "1top-oldtattoo-2" group.
To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email to 1top-oldtattoo-2+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com.
To view this discussion on the web visit https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/1top-oldtattoo-2/CAMm_%2Bya1LFrk9ZHkcoEtPOab7pXHUaUcKwG6DLhO8PCgTjcOpQ%40mail.gmail.com.

Anorexia nervosa

Anorexia nervosa

The lifetime prevalence of anorexia nervosa in women is 0.9%, with 19 years as the average age of onset.[citation needed] Although relatively uncommon, eating disorders can negatively affect menstruation, fertility, and maternal and fetal well-being. Among infertile women with amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea due to eating disorders, 58% had menstrual irregularities, according to preliminary research in 1990.[121][citation needed]

Nutrition literacy

The findings of the 2003 National Assessment of Adult Literacy (NAAL), conducted by the US Department of Education, provide a basis upon which to frame the nutrition literacy problem in the U.S. NAAL introduced the first-ever measure of "the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions" – an objective of Healthy People 2010[122] and of which nutrition literacy might be considered an important subset. On a scale of below basic, basic, intermediate and proficient, NAAL found 13 percent of adult Americans have proficient health literacy, 44% have intermediate literacy, 29 percent have basic literacy and 14 percent have below basic health literacy. The study found that health literacy increases with education and people living below the level of poverty have lower health literacy than those above it.

--
You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "2Top-manitotasy-Mirror1" group.
To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email to 2top-manitotasy-mirror1+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com.
To view this discussion on the web visit https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/2top-manitotasy-mirror1/CACHR9V2%3DNcxW72Qz3KY9CyPv3TFWiXfMMDHvTfc%3DQBroUXGoxw%40mail.gmail.com.

Infant and young child feeding

Infant and young child feeding

Improvement of breast feeding practices, like early initiation and exclusive breast feeding for the first two years of life, could save the lives of 1.5 million children annually.[117] Nutrition interventions targeted at infants aged 0–5 months first encourages early initiation of breastfeeding.[3] Though the relationship between early initiation of breast feeding and improved health outcomes has not been formally established, a recent study in Ghana suggests a causal relationship between early initiation and reduced infection-caused neo-natal deaths.[3] Also, experts promote exclusive breastfeeding, rather than using formula, which has shown to promote optimal growth, development, and health of infants.[118] Exclusive breastfeeding often indicates nutritional status because infants that consume breast milk are more likely to receive all adequate nourishment and nutrients that will aid their developing body and immune system. This leaves children less likely to contract diarrheal diseases and respiratory infections.[2]

Besides the quality and frequency of breastfeeding, the nutritional status of mothers affects infant health. When mothers do not receive proper nutrition, it threatens the wellness and potential of their children.[2] Well-nourished women are less likely to experience risks of birth and are more likely to deliver children who will develop well physically and mentally.[2] Maternal undernutrition increases the chances of low-birth weight, which can increase the risk of infections and asphyxia in fetuses, increasing the probability of neonatal deaths.[119] Growth failure during intrauterine conditions, associated with improper mother nutrition, can contribute to lifelong health complications.[3] Approximately 13 million children are born with intrauterine growth restriction annually.[120]

--
You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "2Top-manitotasy-Mirror1" group.
To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email to 2top-manitotasy-mirror1+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com.
To view this discussion on the web visit https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/2top-manitotasy-mirror1/CACHR9V1tzYLCmJNzbm51cnqPW5FZnUNBKVeW6tOjNNvLm%2B3w0w%40mail.gmail.com.

Wednesday, March 1, 2023

Market share

Market share

The popularity of online shopping continues to erode sales of conventional retailers. For example, Best Buy, the largest retailer of electronics in the U.S. in August 2014 reported its tenth consecutive quarterly dip in sales, citing an increasing shift by consumers to online shopping.[50] Amazon.com has the largest market share in the United States. As of May 2018, a survey found two-thirds of Americans had bought something from Amazon (92% of those who had bought anything online), with 40% of online shoppers buying something from Amazon at least once a month. The survey found shopping began at amazon.com 44% of the time, compared to a general search engine at 33%. It estimated 75 million Americans subscribe to Amazon Prime and 35 million more use someone else's account.[51]

There were 242 million people shopping online in China in 2012.[52] For developing countries and low-income households in developed countries, adoption of e-commerce in place of or in addition to conventional methods is limited by a lack of affordable Internet access.

Advantages

Convenience

Online stores are usually available 24 hours a day, and many consumers in Western countries have Internet access both at work and at home. Other establishments such as Internet cafes, community centers and schools provide internet access as well. In contrast, visiting a conventional retail store requires travel or commuting and costs such as gas, parking, or bus tickets, and must usually take place during business hours. Delivery was always a problem which affected the convenience of online shopping. Additionally, the online shopping industry has not only involved the concept of providing convenience for customers but also improved perceptions of social inclusion.[53] However to overcome this many retailers including online retailers in Taiwan brought in a store pick up service. This now meant that customers could purchase goods online and pick them up at a nearby convenience store, making online shopping more advantageous to customers.[54] In the event of a problem with the item (e.g., the product was not what the consumer ordered or the product was not satisfactory), consumers are concerned with the ease of returning an item in exchange for the correct product or a refund. Consumers may need to contact the retailer, visit the post office and pay return shipping, and then wait for a replacement or refund. Some online companies have more generous return policies to compensate for the traditional advantage of physical stores. For example, the online shoe retailer Zappos.com includes labels for free return shipping, and does not charge a restocking fee, even for returns which are not the result of merchant error. (Note: In the United Kingdom, online shops are prohibited from charging a restocking fee if the consumer cancels their order in accordance with the Consumer Protection (Distance Selling) Act 2000).[55] A 2018 survey in the United States found 26% of online shoppers said they never return items, and another 65% said they rarely do so.[56] Merchants may benefit from online shopping due to low sales inventory pressure, low operating costs, and the scale of operation is not limited by the site.

--
You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "2Top-manitotasy-Mirror1" group.
To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email to 2top-manitotasy-mirror1+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com.
To view this discussion on the web visit https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/2top-manitotasy-mirror1/CAF1%3DV8zy6VSdBPK03gxwMQir1m9u2ktbqWqaRFJ78ZwakC%2BVUg%40mail.gmail.com.

User interface

User interface

An automated online assistant, with potential to enhance user interface on shopping sites.

The most important factors determining whether customers return to a website are ease of use and the presence of user-friendly features.[49] Usability testing is important for finding problems and improvements in a web site. Methods for evaluating usability include heuristic evaluation, cognitive walkthrough, and user testing. Each technique has its own characteristics and emphasizes different aspects of the user experience.[49]

Market share

The popularity of online shopping continues to erode sales of conventional retailers. For example, Best Buy, the largest retailer of electronics in the U.S. in August 2014 reported its tenth consecutive quarterly dip in sales, citing an increasing shift by consumers to online shopping.[50] Amazon.com has the largest market share in the United States. As of May 2018, a survey found two-thirds of Americans had bought something from Amazon (92% of those who had bought anything online), with 40% of online shoppers buying something from Amazon at least once a month. The survey found shopping began at amazon.com 44% of the time, compared to a general search engine at 33%. It estimated 75 million Americans subscribe to Amazon Prime and 35 million more use someone else's account.[51]

--
You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "2Top-manitotasy-Mirror1" group.
To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email to 2top-manitotasy-mirror1+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com.
To view this discussion on the web visit https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/2top-manitotasy-mirror1/CAF1%3DV8w_SvY0bzeu5Hdkf%3D2if-4pETGbV-bXaZfu7BTdH7E4Ew%40mail.gmail.com.

Fonti di energia

Proprietà [ modifica ]

Componenti [ modifica ]

Il tipo di batteria , il tipo di motore di trazione e il design del controller del motore variano in base alle dimensioni, alla potenza e all'applicazione proposta, che può essere piccola come un carrello della spesa motorizzato o una sedia a rotelle , attraverso pedelec , moto e scooter elettrici, veicoli elettrici di quartiere , industrialefork-lift truckse compresi molti veicoli ibridi.

Fonti di energia [ modifica ]

I veicoli elettrici sono molto più efficienti dei veicoli a combustibili fossili e hanno poche emissioni dirette. Allo stesso tempo, fanno affidamento sull'energia elettrica che è generalmente fornita da una combinazione di impianti a combustibili non fossili e impianti a combustibili fossili. Di conseguenza, i veicoli elettrici possono essere resi complessivamente meno inquinanti modificando la fonte di elettricità. In alcune aree, le persone possono chiedere ai servizi pubblici di fornire la loro elettricità da energia rinnovabile.

Fossil fuell'efficienza dei veicoli e gli standard di inquinamento impiegano anni per filtrare attraverso la flotta di veicoli di una nazione. I nuovi standard di efficienza e inquinamento dipendono dall'acquisto di nuovi veicoli, spesso quando gli attuali veicoli già in circolazione raggiungono la fine del loro ciclo di vita. Solo poche nazioni stabiliscono un'età pensionabile per i veicoli vecchi, come il Giappone o Singapore , imponendo aggiornamenti periodici a tutti i veicoli già in circolazione.

Batterie [ modifica ]

Articolo principale: batteria del veicolo elettrico
prototipi di batterie ai polimeri di ioni di litio . Le celle Li-Poly più recenti forniscono fino a 130 Wh/kg e durano per migliaia di cicli di ricarica.

Una batteria per veicoli elettrici (EVB) oltre ai sistemi speciali per batterie di trazione utilizzati per veicoli industriali (o da diporto), sono batterie utilizzate per alimentare il sistema di propulsione di un veicolo elettrico a batteria (BEV). Queste batterie sono generalmente una batteria secondaria (ricaricabile) e sono tipicamente batterie agli ioni di litio. Le batterie di trazione, appositamente progettate con un'elevata capacità di amperora, sono utilizzate in carrelli elevatori, golf cart elettrici, lavasciuga pavimenti, motociclette elettriche, auto elettriche, camion, furgoni e altri veicoli elettrici. [75] [76]

Efficienza [ modifica ]

I veicoli elettrici convertono oltre il 59-62% dell'energia della rete nelle ruote. I veicoli a benzina convenzionali convertono circa il 17-21%. [77]

--
You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "1top-oldtattoo-2" group.
To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email to 1top-oldtattoo-2+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com.
To view this discussion on the web visit https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/1top-oldtattoo-2/CAMm_%2ByYfi8%3DjW%2B46giN8TF3f%3Dyt%3DEgy1Gr8LsdGNRGi5bCLrRA%40mail.gmail.com.

Vitamin A plays an essential role

Vitamin A plays an essential role in developing the immune system in children, therefore, it is considered an essential micronutrient that can greatly affect health.[2] However, because of the expense of testing for deficiencies, many developing nations have not been able to fully detect and address vitamin A deficiency, leaving vitamin A deficiency considered a silent hunger.[2] According to estimates, subclinical vitamin A deficiency, characterized by low retinol levels, affects 190 million pre-school children and 19 million mothers worldwide.[112]

The WHO estimates that 5.2 million of these children under five are affected by night blindness, which is considered clinical vitamin A deficiency.[113] Severe vitamin A deficiency (VAD) for developing children can result in visual impairments, anemia and weakened immunity, and increase their risk of morbidity and mortality from infectious disease.[114] This also presents a problem for women, with WHO estimating that 9.8 million women are affected by night blindness.[115] Clinical vitamin A deficiency is particularly common among pregnant women, with prevalence rates as high as 9.8% in South-East Asia.[112]

Estimates say that 28.5% of the global population is iodine deficient, representing 1.88 billion individuals.[116] Although salt iodization programs have reduced the prevalence of iodine deficiency, this is still a public health concern in 32 nations. Moderate deficiencies are common in Europe and Africa, and over consumption is common in the Americas.[90] Iodine-deficient diets can interfere with adequate thyroid hormone production, which is responsible for normal growth in the brain and nervous system. This ultimately leads to poor school performance and impaired intellectual capabilities.[2]

--
You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "2Top-manitotasy-Mirror1" group.
To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email to 2top-manitotasy-mirror1+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com.
To view this discussion on the web visit https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/2top-manitotasy-mirror1/CACHR9V3koY4j9FWy%2BO6%2B%2BaZW_dvqdAT6qRQsk_TZAZpUeQ8uWA%40mail.gmail.com.

Vitamin and mineral malnutrition

Vitamin and mineral malnutrition

Vitamins and minerals are essential to the proper functioning and maintenance of the human body.[105] There are 20 trace elements and minerals that are essential in small quantities to body function and overall human health.[105]

Iron deficiency is the most common inadequate nutrient worldwide, affecting approximately 2 billion people.[106] Globally, anemia affects 1.6 billion people, and represents a public health emergency in mothers and children under five.[107] The World Health Organization estimates that there exists 469 million women of reproductive age and approximately 600 million preschool and school-age children worldwide who are anemic.[108] Anemia, especially iron-deficient anemia, is a critical problem for cognitive developments in children, and its presence leads to maternal deaths and poor brain and motor development in children.[2] The development of anemia affects mothers and children more because infants and children have higher iron requirements for growth.[109] Health consequences for iron deficiency in young children include increased perinatal mortality, delayed mental and physical development, negative behavioral consequences, reduced auditory and visual function, and impaired physical performance.[110] The harm caused by iron deficiency during child development cannot be reversed and result in reduced academic performance, poor physical work capacity, and decreased productivity in adulthood.[3] Mothers are also very susceptible to iron-deficient anemia because women lose iron during menstruation, and rarely supplement it in their diet.[3] Maternal iron deficiency anemia increases the chances of maternal mortality, contributing to at least 18% of maternal deaths in low and middle income countries.[111]

--
You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "2Top-manitotasy-Mirror1" group.
To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email to 2top-manitotasy-mirror1+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com.
To view this discussion on the web visit https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/2top-manitotasy-mirror1/CACHR9V10iwk_56Ou%2BWxwXVvWM357WBsM6a61cy-kQKq%2BKJbByQ%40mail.gmail.com.